Orthogonal complex spreading method for multichannel and apparatus thereof

ABSTRACT

An orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof are disclosed. The method includes the steps of complex-summing α n1 W M,n1 X n1  which is obtained by multiplying an orthogonal Hadamard sequence W M,n1  by a first data X n1  of a n-th block and α n2 W M,n2 X n2  which is obtained by multiplying an orthogonal Hadamard sequence W 1,n2  by a second data X n2  of a n-th block; complex-multiplying α n1 W M,n1 X n1 +jα n2 W M,n2 X n2  which is summed in the complex type and W M,n3 +jPW M,n4  of the complex type using a complex multiplier and outputting as an in-phase information and quadrature phase information; and summing only in-phase information outputted from a plurality of blocks and only quadrature phase information outputted therefrom and spreading the same using a spreading code.

NOTE: More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 6,449,306. The reissue applications are U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/932,227, filed on Sep. 2, 2004 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. Re. 40,385; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/648,915 (the present application), filed on Jan. 3, 2007, which is a continuation reissue application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/932,227; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/177,498, filed on Jul. 6, 2011, which is a continuation reissue application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/648,915.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/162,764, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,873.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof, and in particular, to an improved orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof which are capable of decreasing a peak power-to-average power ratio by introducing an orthogonal complex spreading structure and spreading the same using a spreading code, implementing a structure capable of spreading complex output signals using a spreading code by adapting a permutated orthogonal complex spreading structure for a complex-type multichannel input signal with respect to the summed values, and decreasing a phase dependency of an interference based on a multipath component (when there is one chip difference) of a self signal, which is a problem that is not overcome by a permutated complex spreading modulation method, by a combination of an orthogonal Hadamard sequence.

2. Description of the Conventional Art

Generally, in the mobile communication system, it is known that a linear distortion and non-linear distortion affect power amplifier. The statistical characteristic of a peak power-to-average power ratio has a predetermined interrelationship for a non-linear distortion.

The third non-linear distortion which is one of the factors affecting the power amplifier causes an inter-modulation product problem in an adjacent frequency channel. The above-described inter-modulation product problem is generated due to a high peak amplitude for thereby increasing an adjacent channel power (ACP), so that there is a predetermined limit for selecting an amplifier. In particular, the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system requires a very strict condition with respect to a linearity of a power amplifier. Therefore, the above-described condition is a very important factor.

In accordance with IS-97 and IS-98, the FCC stipulates a condition on the adjacent channel power (ACP). In order to satisfy the above-described condition, a bias of a RF power amplifier should be limited.

According to the current IMT-2000 system standard recommendation, a plurality of CDMA channels are recommended. In the case that a plurality of channels are provided, the peak power-to-average power ratio is considered as an important factor for thereby increasing efficiency of the modulation method.

The IMT-2000 which is known as the third generation mobile communication system has a great attention from people as the next generation communication system following the digital cellular system, personal communication system, etc. The IMT-2000 will be commercially available as one of the next generation wireless communication system which has a high capacity and better performance for thereby introducing various services and international loaming services, etc.

Many countries propose various IMT-2000 systems which IC require high data transmission rates adapted for an internet service or an electronic commercial activity. This is directly related to the power efficiency of a RF amplifier.

The CDMA based IMT-2000 system modulation method introduced by many countries is classified into a pilot channel method and a pilot symbol method. Of which, the former is directed to the ETRI 1.0 version introduced in Korea and is directed to CDMA ONE introduced in North America, and the latter is directed to the NTT-DOCOMO and ARIB introduced in Japan and is directed to the FMA2 proposal in a reverse direction introduced in Europe.

Since the pilot symbol method has a single channel effect based on the power efficiency, it is superior compared to the pilot channel method which is a multichannel method. However since the accuracy of the channel estimation is determined by the power control, the above description does not have its logical ground.

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional complex spreading method based on a CDMA ONE method. As shown therein, the signals from a fundamental channel, a supplemental channel, and a control channel are multiplied by a Walsh code by each multiplier of a multiplication unit 20 through a signal mapping unit 10. The signals which are multiplied by a pilot signal and the Walsh signal and then spread are multiplied by channel gains A0, A1, A2 and A3 by a channel gain multiplication unit 30.

In a summing unit 40, the pilot signal multiplied by the channel gain A0 and the fundamental channel signal multiplied by the channel gain A1 are summed by a first adder for thereby obtaining an identical phase information, and the supplemental channel signal multiplied by the channel gain A2 and the control channel signal multiplied by the channel gain A3 are summed by a second adder for thereby obtaining an orthogonal phase information.

The thusly obtained in-phase information and quadrature-phase information are multiplied by a PN1 code and PN2 code by a spreading unit 50, and the identical phase information multiplied by the PN2 code is subtracted from the identical phase information multiplied by the PN1 code and is outputted as an I channel signal, and the quadrature-phase information multiplied by the PN1 code and the in-phase information multiplied by the PN2 code are summed and are outputted through a delay unit as a Q channel signal.

The CDMA ONE is implemented using a complex spreading method. The pilot channel and the fundamental channel spread to a Walsh code 1 are summed for thereby forming an in-phase information, and the supplemental channel spread to the Walsh code 2 and the control channel spread to a Walsh code 3 are summed for thereby forming an quadrature-phase information. In addition, the in-phase information and quadrature-phase information are complex-spread by PN codes.

FIG. 2A is a view illustrating a conventional CDMA ONE method, and FIG. 2B is a view illustrating a maximum eye-opening point after the actual shaping filter of FIG. 2A.

As shown therein, in the CDMA ONE, the left and right information, namely, the in-phase information (I channel) and the upper and lower information, namely, the quadrature-phase information (Q channel) pass through the actual pulse shaping filter for thereby causing a peak power, and in the ETRI version 1.0 shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, a peak power may occur in the transverse direction for thereby causing deterioration.

In view of the crest factor and the statistical distribution of the power amplitude, in the CDMA ONE, the peak power is generated in vertical direction, so that the irregularity problem of the spreading code and an inter-interference problem occur.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof overcome the aforementioned problems encountered in the conventional art.

The CDMA system requires a strict condition for a linearity of a power amplifier, so that the peak power-to-average power ratio is important. In particular, the characteristic of the IMT-2000 system is determined based on the efficiency of the modulation method since multiple channels are provided, and the peak power-to-average power ratio is adapted as an important factor.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof which have an excellent power efficiency compared to the CDMA-ONE introduced in U.S.A. and the W-CDMA introduced in Japan and Europe and is capable of resolving a power unbalance problem of an in-phase channel and a quadrature-phase channel as well as the complex spreading method.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide an orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof which is capable of stably maintaining a low peak power-to-average power ratio.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide an orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof in which a spreading operation is implemented by multiplying a predetermined channel data among data of a multichannel by an orthogonal Hadamard sequence and a gain and, multiplying a data of another channel by an orthogonal Hadamard sequence and a gain, summing the information of two channels in complex type, multiplying the summed information of the complex type by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence of the orthogonal type, obtaining a complex type, summing a plurality of channel information of the complex type in the above-described manner and multiplying the information of the complex type of the multichannel by a spreading code sequence.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide an orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof which is capable of decreasing the probability that the power becomes a zero state by preventing the FIR filter input state from exceeding ±90° in an earlier sample state, increasing the power efficiency, decreasing the consumption of a bias power for a back-off of the power amplifier and saving the power of a battery.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide an orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel and an apparatus thereof which is capable of implementing a POCQPSK (Permutated Orthogonal Complex QPSK) which is another modulation method and has a power efficiency similar with the OCQPSK (Orthogonal Complex QPSK).

In order to achieve the above objects, there is provided an orthogonal complex spreading method for a multichannel which includes the steps of complex-summing α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1) which is obtained by multiplying an orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n1) by a first data X_(n1) of a n-th block and α_(n2)W_(M,n2)X_(n2) which is obtained by multiplying an orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n2) by a second data X_(n2) of a n-th block; complex-multiplying α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1)+jα_(n2)W_(M,n2)X_(n2) which is summed in the complex type and W_(M,n3)+jW_(M,n4) of the complex type using a complex multiplier and outputting as an in-phase information and quadrature-phase information; and summing only in-phase information outputted from a plurality of blocks and only quadrature-phase information outputted therefrom and spreading the same using a spreading code.

In order to achieve the above objects, there is provided an orthogonal complex spreading apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention which includes a plurality of complex multiplication blocks for distributing the data of the multichannel and complex-multiplying α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1)+jα_(n2)W_(M,n2)X_(n2) in which α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1) which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n1) with the first data X_(n1) of the n-th block and the gain α_(n1) and α_(n2)W_(M,n2)X_(n2) which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n2) with the second data X_(n2) of the n-th block and the gain α_(n2) and W_(M,n3)+W_(M,n4) using the complex multiplier; a summing unit for summing only the in-phase information outputted from each block of the plurality of the complex multiplication blocks and summing only the quadrature-phase information; and a spreading unit for multiplying the in-phase information and the quadrature-phase information summed by the summing unit with the spreading code and outputting an I channel and a Q channel.

In order to achieve the above objects, there is provided an orthogonal complex spreading apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention which includes first and second Hadamard sequence multipliers for allocating the multichannel to a predetermined number of channels, splitting the same into two groups and outputting α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1) which is obtained by multiplying the data X_(n1) of each channel by the gain α_(n1) and the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n1);

-   -   a first adder, for outputting

$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} \right)$

-   -    which is obtained by summing the output signals from the first         Hadamard sequence multiplier;     -   a second adder for outputting

$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {\alpha_{n\; 2}W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}} \right)$

-   -    which is obtained by summing the output signals from the second         Hadamard sequence multiplier; a complex multiplier for receiving         the output signal from the first adder and the output signal         from the second adder in the complex form of

$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {{\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {{j\alpha}_{n\; 2}W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)$

-   -    and complex-multiplying W_(M,I)+jPW_(M,Q) which n=1 consist of         the orthogonal Hadamard code W_(M,I), and the permutated         orthogonal Hadamard code PW_(M,Q) that W_(M,Q) and a         predetermined sequence P are complex-multiplied; a spreading         unit for multiplying the output signal from the complex         multiplier by the spreading code; a filter for filtering the         output signal from the spreading unit; and a modulator for         multiplying and modulating the modulation carrier wave, summing         the in-phase signal and the quadrature-phase signal and         outputting a modulation signal of the real number.

Additional advantages, objects and other features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained as particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a conventional multichannel complex spreading method of a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) ONE method;

FIG. 2A is a view illustrating a constellation plot of a conventional CDMA ONE method;

FIG. 2B is a view illustrating a maximum open point after the actual shaping filter of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A is a view illustrating a constellation plot of a conventional ETRI version 1.0 method;

FIG. 3B is a view illustrating a maximum open point after the actual pulse shaping filter of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a multichannel orthogonal complex spreading apparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 5A is a circuit diagram illustrating the complex multiplexor of FIG. 4;

FIG. 5B is a circuit diagram illustrating the summing unit and spreading unit of FIG. 4;

FIG. 5C is a circuit diagram illustrating another embodiment of the spreading unit of FIG. 4;

FIG. 5D is a circuit diagram illustrating of the filter and modulator of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6A is a view illustrating a constellation plot of an OCQPSK according to the present invention;

FIG. 6B is a view illustrating a maximum open point after the actual pulse shaping filler of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a power peak occurrence statistical distribution characteristic with respect to an average power between the conventional art and the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating an orthogonal Hadamard sequence according to the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram illustrating a multichannel permutated orthogonal complex spreading apparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram illustrating the complex multiplier according to the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram illustrating a multichannel permutated orthogonal complex spreading apparatus for a voice service according to the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram illustrating a multichannel permutated orthogonal complex spreading apparatus having a high quality voice service and a low transmission rate according to the present invention;

FIG. 13A is a circuit diagram illustrating a multichannel permutated orthogonal complex spreading apparatus for a QPSK having a high transmission rate according to the present invention;

FIG. 13B is a circuit diagram illustrating a multichannel permutated orthogonal complex spreading apparatus for a data having a high transmission rate according to the present invention;

FIG. 14A is a circuit diagram illustrating a multichannel permutated orthogonal complex spreading apparatus for a multimedia service having a QPSK data according to the present invention;

FIG. 14B is a circuit diagram illustrating a multichannel permutated orthogonal complex spreading apparatus for a multimedia service according to the present invention;

FIG. 15A is a phase trajectory view of an OCQPSK according to the present invention;

FIG. 15B is a phase trajectory view of a POCQPSK according to the present invention; and

FIG. 15C is a phase trajectory view of a complex spreading method according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The complex summing unit and complex multiplier according to the present invention will be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the present invention, two complexes (a+jb) and (c+jd) are used, where a, b, c and d represent predetermined real numbers.

A complex summing unit outputs (a+c)+j(b+d), and a complex multiplier outputs ((a×c)−(b×d))+j((b×c)+(a×d)). Here, a spreading code sequence is denned as SC, an information data is defined as X_(n1), and X_(n2), a gain constant is defined as α_(n1) and α_(n2), and an orthogonal Hadamard sequence is defined as W_(M,n1), W_(M,n2), W_(M,n3), W_(M,n4), W_(M,I), W_(M,Q), where M represents a M×M Hadamard matrix, and n1, n2, n3 and n4 represents index of a predetermined vector of the Hadamard matrix. For example, n3 represents a Hadamard vector which is a third vector value written into the n-th block like the n-th block 100n of FIG. 4. The Hadamard M represents a Hadamard matrix. For example, if the matrix W has values of 1 and −1, in the W_(T)×W, the main diagonal terms are M, and the remaining products are zero. Here, T represents a transpose.

The data X_(n1), X_(n2), W_(M,n1), W_(M,n2), W_(M,n3), W_(M,n4), W_(M,I), and W_(M,Q), and SC are combined data consisting of +1 or −1, and any and α_(n2) represent real number.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a multichannel orthogonal complex spreading apparatus according to the present invention.

As shown therein, there is provided a plurality of complex multipliers 100 through 100n in which a data of a predetermined channel is multiplied by a gain and orthogonal Hadamard sequence, and a data of another channel is multiplied by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence for thereby complex-summing two channel data, the orthogonal Hadamard sequence of the complex type is multiplied by the complex-summed data, and the data of other two channels are complex-multiplied in the same manner described above. A summing unit 200 sums and outputs the output signals from the complex multipliers 100 through 100n. A spreading unit 300 multiplies the output signal from the summing unit 200 with a predetermined spreading code SC for thereby spreading the signal. A pulse shaping filter 400 filters the data spread by the spreading unit 300. A modulation wave multiplier 500 multiplies the output signal from the filter 400 with a modulation carrier wave and outputs the modulated data through an antenna.

As shown in FIG. 4, the first complex multiplier 100 complex-sums α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,11) with the data X₁₁ of one channel and the gain α₁₁ and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,12) with the data X₁₂ of another channel and the gain α₁₂, and complex-multiplies α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁+jα₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ and the complex-type orthogonal sequence W_(M,13)X₁₁+jW_(M,14) using the complex multiplier 111.

In addition, the n-th complex multiplier 100n complex-sums α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1) which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n1) with the data X_(n1) of another channel and the gain α_(n1) and α_(n2)W_(M,n2)X_(n2) which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n2) with the data X_(n2) of another channel and the gain α_(n2), and complex-multiplies α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1)+jα_(n2)W_(M,n2)X_(n2) and the complex-type orthogonal sequence W_(M,n3)X₁₁+jW_(M,n4) using the complex multiplier 100n.

The complex multiplication data outputted from the n-number of the complex multipliers are summed by the summing unit 200, and the spreading code SC is multiplied and spread it by the spreading unit 300. The thusly spread data are filtered by the pulse shaping filter 600, and the modulation carried e^(j2πfct) is multiplied by the multiplier 700, and then the function Re{*} is processed, and the real data s(t) is outputted through the antenna. Here, Re{*} represents that a predetermined complex is processed to a real value through the Re{*} function.

The above-described function will be explained as follows:

$\left( {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {\left( {{\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {{j\alpha}_{n\; 2}W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right) \otimes \left( {W_{M,{n\; 3}} + {jW}_{M,{n\; 4}}} \right)} \right)} \right) \otimes {SC}$ where K represents a predetermined integer greater than or equal to 1, n represents an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than K and is identical with each channel number of the multichannel.

Each of the complex multipliers 110 through 100n is identically configured so that two different channel data are complex-multiplied.

As shown in FIG. 5A, one complex multiplier includes a first multiplier 101 for multiplying the data X₁₁ by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,11) a second multiplier for multiplying the input signal from the first multiplier by the gain α₁₁, a third multiplier 103 for multiplying the data X₁₂ of the other channel by another orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,12), a fourth multiplier 104 for multiplying the output signal from the third multiplier 103 by the gain α₁₂, fifth and sixth multipliers 105 and 106 for multiplying the output signals α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ from the second multiplier 102 and the output signals α₁₁W_(M,12)X₁₂ from the fourth multiplier 102 by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,13), respectively, seventh and eighth multipliers 107 and 108 for multiplying the output signal α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ from the second multiplier 102 and the output signal α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ from the fourth multiplier 102 by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,14), sequentially, a first adder 109 for summing the output signal (+ac) from the fifth multiplier 105 and the output signal (−bd) from the eighth multiplier 108 and outputting in-phase information (ac−bd), and a second adder 110 for summing the output signal (bc) from the sixth multiplier 106 and the output signal (ad) from the seventh multiplier 107 and outputting the quadrature-phase information (bc+ad).

Therefore, the first and-second multipliers 101 and 102 multiply the data X₁₁ by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,11) and the gain α₁₁ for thereby obtaining α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ (=a). In addition, the third and fourth multipliers 103 and 104 multiply the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,12) and the gain α₁₂ for thereby obtaining α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ (=b). The fifth and sixth multipliers 105 and 106 multiply α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ (=a) and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ (=b) by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,13) (=c), respectively, for thereby obtaining α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁W_(M,13) (=ac) and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,13) (=bc), and the fifth and sixth multipliers 105 and 106 multiply α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ (=a) and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ (=b) by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,14) (=d) for thereby obtaining α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁W_(M,14) (=ad) and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,14) (=bd). In addition, the first adder 109 computes (α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁W_(M,13))−(α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,14)) (=ac−bd), namely, α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,14) is subtracted from α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁W_(M,13). In addition, the second adder 110 computes (α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁W_(M,14))+(α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,13)) (ad+bc), namely, α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁W_(M,14) (=ad) is added with α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,13) (=bc).

FIG. 4 illustrates the first complex multiplier 100 which is configured identically with the n-th complex multiplier 100n. Assuming that α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ is “a”, α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ is “b”. the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,13) is “c”, and the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,14) is “d”, the expression “(a+jb) (c+jd)=ac−bd+j (bc+ad)” is obtained. Therefore, the signal outputted from the first complex multiplier 100 becomes the in-phase information “ac−bd” and the quadrature-phase information “bc+ad”.

In addition, FIG. 5B is a circuit diagram illustrating the summing unit and spreading unit of FIG. 4, and FIG. 5C is a circuit diagram illustrating another embodiment of the spreading unit of FIG. 4.

As shown therein, the summing unit 200 includes a first summing unit 210 for summing the in-phase information A₁(=(ac−bd), . . . , An outputted from a plurality of complex multipliers, and a second summing unit 220 for summing the quadrature-phase information B₁(=bc+ad) outputted from the complex multipliers.

The spreading unit 300 includes first and second multipliers 301 and 302 for multiplying the output signals from the first adder 210 and the second adder 220 of the summing unit 200 by the spreading sequence SC, respectively. Namely, the signals are spread to the in-phase signal (I channel signal) and the quadrature-phase signal (Q channel signal) using one spreading code SC.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 5C, the spreading unit 300 includes first and second multipliers 310 and 320 for multiplying the output signals from the first and second adders 210 and 220 of the summing unit 200 by the spreading sequence SC1, third and fourth multipliers 330 and 340 for multiplying the output signals from the first and second adders 210 and 220 by a spreading sequence SC2, respectively, a first adder 350 for summing the output signal (+) from the first multiplier 310 and the output signal (−) from the third multiplier 330 and outputting an I channel signal, and a second summing unit 360 for summing the output signal (+) from the second multiplier 320 and the output signal (+) from the fourth multiplier 340 and outputting a Q channel signal.

Namely, in the summing unit 200, the in-phase information and the quadrature-phase information of the n-number of the complex multipliers are summed by the first and second summing units 210 and 220. In the spreading unit 300, the in-phase information summing value (g) and the quadrature phase information summing value (h) from the summing unit 200 are multiplied by the first spreading code SC1 (1) by the first and second multipliers 310 and 320 for thereby obtaining gl and hl, and the in-phase information summing value (g) and the quadrature phase information summing value (h) from the summing unit 200 are multiplied by the second spreading code SC2(m) by the third and fourth multipliers 330 and 340 for thereby obtaining gm and hm, and the first adder 350 computes gl−hm in which hm is subtracted from gl, and the second adder 360 computes hl+gm in which hl is added by gm.

As shown in FIG. 5D, the filter 400 includes first and second pulse shaping filters 410 and 420 for filtering the I channel signal which is the in-phase information shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C and the Q channel signal which is the quadrature phase information signal. The modulation unit 500 includes first and second multipliers 510 and 520 for multiplying the output signals from the first and second pulse shaping filters 410 and 420 by cos(2πf_(c)t) and sin(2πf_(c)t), and an adder 530 for summing the output signals from the multipliers 510 and 520 and outputting a modulation data S(t).

Here, the orthogonal Hadamard sequences may be used as a Walsh code or other orthogonal code.

For example, from now on, the case that the orthogonal Hadamard sequence is used for the 8×8 Hadamard matrix shown in FIG. 8 will be explained.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of the Hadamard (or Walsh) code. Namely, the case that the sequence vector of a k-th column or row is set to W_(k−1) based on the 8×8 Hadamard matrix is shown therein. In this case, if k is 1, W_(k−1) represents W₀ of the column or row, and if k is 5, W_(k−1) represents W₄ of the column or row.

Therefore, in order to enhance the efficiency of the present invention, the orthogonal Hadamard sequence which multiplies each channel data is determined as follows.

In the M×M Hadamard matrix, the sequence vector of the k-th column or row is set to W_(k−1), and W_(M,n1)=W₀, W_(M,n2)=W_(2p) (where p represents a predetermined number of (M/2)−1), and W_(M,n3)=W_(2n−2), W_(M,n4)=W_(2n−1) (where n represents the number of n-th blocks), and α_(n1)W₀X_(n1)+jα_(n2)W_(2p)X_(n2) and W_(2n−2)+jW_(2n−1). The case that only first complex multiplier is used in the embodiment of FIG. 4, namely, the data of two channels are complex-multiplied will be explained. In the M×M (M=8) Hadamard matrix, if the k-th column or row sequence vector is set to W_(k−1), it is possible to determine W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₂, or W_(M,12)=W₄, and W_(M,13)=W₀, W_(M,14)=W₁. In addition, it is possible to complex-multiply α₁₁W₀X₁₁+jα₁₂W₂X₁₂ or α₁₁W₀X₁₁+jα₁₂W₄X₁₂ and W₀+jW₁.

In the case that two complex multipliers shown in FIG. 4 are used, the second complex multiplier determines W_(M,21)=W₀, W_(M,22)=W₄, and W_(M,23)=W₂, and W_(M,24)=W₃, so that it is possible to complex-multiply α₂₁W₀X₂₁+jα₂₂W₄X₂₂ and W₂+jW₃.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 5, when the spreading is implemented by using the spreading code SC, one spreading code may be used, and as shown in FIG. 5C, two spreading codes SC1 and SC2 may be used for thereby implementing the spreading operation.

In order to achieve the objects of the present invention, the orthogonal Hadamard sequence directed to multiplying each channel data may be determined as follows.

The combined orthogonal Hadamard sequence may be used instead of the orthogonal Hadamard sequence for removing a predetermined phase dependency based on the interference generated in the multiple path type of self-signal and the interference generated by other users.

For example, in the case of two channels, when the sequence vector of the k-th column or row is set to W_(k−1) in the M×M (M=8) Hadamard matrix, and the sequence vector of the m-th column or row is set to W_(m), the first M/2 or the last M/2 is obtained based on the vector W_(k−1) and the last M/2 or the first M2 is obtained based on W_(m−1), so that the combined orthogonal Hadamard vector is set to W_(k−1//m−1), and W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W_(4//1), W_(M/I)=W₀, W_(M,Q=W1/4) are determined, so that it is possible to complex-multiply α₁₁W₀X₁₁+jα₁₂W_(4//1)X₁₁ and W₀+jPW_(1//4).

In the case of three channels, the sequence vector of the k-th column or row is set to W_(k−1) based on the M×M (M=8) Hadamard matrix, and the sequence vector of the m-th column or row is set to W_(M), so that the first M/2 or the last M/2 is obtained from the vector W_(k−1), and the last M/2 or the first M/2 is obtained from W_(m−1), and the combined orthogonal Hadamard vector is set to W_(k−1//m−1), and the summed value of α₁₁W₀X₁₁+jα₁₂W_(4//1)X₁₂ and α₂₁W₂X₂₁ and W₀+jPW_(1//4) are complex multiplied based on W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W_(4//1), W_(M,21)=W₁, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W_(1//4).

In addition, in the case of two channels, when the sequence vector of the k-th column or row of the M×M (M=8) Hadamard vector matrix is set to W_(k−1), and the sequence vector of the m-th column or row is set to W_(m), the first M/2 or the last M/2 is obtained from the vector W_(k−1), and the last M/2 or the first M/2 is obtained from W_(m−1), so that the combined orthogonal Hadamard vector is set to W_(−1//m−1), and the summed value of α₁₁W₀X₁₁+jα₁₂W_(2//1)X₁₂ and W₀+jPW_(1//2) are complex-multiplied based on W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W_(2//1), and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W_(1//2).

In addition, in the case of three channels, when the sequence vector of the k-th column or row of the M×M (M=8) Hadamard vector matrix is set to W_(k−1), and the sequence vector of the m-th column or row is set to W_(m), the first M/2 or the last M/2 is obtained from the vector W_(k−1), and the last M/2 or the first M/2 is obtained from W_(m−1), so that the combined orthogonal Hadamard vector is set to W_(k−1//m−1), and the summed value of α₁₁W₀X₁₁+jα₁₂W_(2//1)X₁₂ and α₂₁W₄X₂₁ and W₀+jPW_(1//2) are complex-multiplied based on W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W_(2//1), W_(M,21)=W₄, and W_(M,I=W0), W_(M,Q)=W_(1//2).

Here, so far the cases of two channels and three channels were explained. The cases of two channels and three channels may be selectively used in accordance with the difference of the impulse response characteristic difference of the pulse shaping bandpass filter.

FIG. 6A is a view illustrating a constellation plot of the OCQPSK according to the present invention, FIG. 6B is a view illustrating a maximum eye-opening point after the actual pulse shaping filter of FIG. 6A, and FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a power peak occurrence statistical distribution characteristic with respect to an average power between the OCQPSK according to the present invention and the conventional CDMA ONE and version ETRI 1.0. As shown therein, the embodiment of FIG. 6A is similar with that of FIG. 2A. However, there is a difference in the point of the maximum eye-opening point after the actual pulse shaping filter. Namely, in FIG. 6B, the range of the upper and lower information (Q channel) and the left and right information (I channel) are fully satisfied. This causes the difference of the statistical distribution of the peak power-to-average power.

FIG. 7 illustrates the peak power-to-average power ratio obtained based on the result of the actual simulation between the present invention and the conventional art.

In order to provide the identical conditions, the power level of the control or signal channel is controlled to be the same as the power level of the communication channel (Fundamental channel, supplemental channel or the In-phase channel and the Quadrature channel), and the power level of the pilot channel is controlled to be lower than the power level of the communication channel by 4 dB. In the above-described state, the statistical distributions of the peak power-to-average power are compared.

In the case of OCQPSK according to the present invention, the comparison is implemented using the first complex multiplier 100 and the n-th complex multiplier 100n shown in FIG. 4. The first block 100 is implemented based on W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₄, W_(M,13)=W₀, and W_(M,14)=W₁, and the n-th block 100n is implemented based on W_(M,n1)=W₀, W_(M,n2)=W₄, W_(M,n3)=W₂, and W_(M,n4)=W₃. In addition, the SCI is used as the SC1 for the spreading code. In this case, the SC2 is not used.

In the case of OCQPSK, the probability that the instantaneous power exceeds the average power value (0 dB) by 4 dB is 0.03%, and in the case of CDMA ONE, the same is 0.9%, and in the case of the ETRI version 1.0, the same is 4%. Therefore, in the present invention, the system using the CDMA technique has very excellent characteristic in the peak to average power ratio sense, and the method according to the present invention is a new modulation method which eliminates the cross talk problem.

FIG. 9 illustrates a permutated orthogonal complex spreading modulation (POCQPSK) according to the present invention.

As shown therein, one or a plurality of channels are combined and complex-multiplied by the permutated orthogonal Hadamard code and then are spread by the spreading code.

As shown therein, there are provided first and second Hadamard sequence multipliers 600 and 700 for allocating the multichannel to a predetermined number of channels, splitting the same into two groups and outputting α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1) which is obtained by multiplying the data X_(n1) of each channel by the gain α_(n1) and the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n1), a first adder 810 for outputting

$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} \right)$ which is obtained by summing the output signals from the first Hadamard sequence multiplier 600, a second adder 820 for outputting

$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {\alpha_{n\; 2}W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}} \right)$ which is obtained by summing the output signals from the second Hadamard sequence multiplier 700, a complex multiplier 900 for receiving the output signal from the first adder 810 and the output signal from the second adder 820 in the complex form of

$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {{\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {{j\alpha}_{n\; 2}W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)$ and complex-multiplying W_(M,I)+jPW_(M,Q) which consist of the orthogonal Hadamard code W_(M,I), and the permutated orthogonal Hadamard code PW_(M,Q) that W_(M,Q) and a predetermined sequence P are complex-multiplied, a spreading unit 300 for multiplying the output signal from the complex multiplier 900 by the spreading code, a filter 400 for filtering the output signal from the spreading unit 300, and a modulator 500 for multiplying and modulating the modulation carrier wave, summing the in-phase signal and the quadrature phase signal and outputting a modulation signal of the real number.

Here, the construction of the spreading unit 300, the filter 400 and the modulator 500 is the same as the embodiment of FIG. 4 except for the following construction. Namely, comparing to the embodiment of FIG. 4, in the construction of FIG. 9, the multiplication of the complex type orthogonal Hadamard sequence performed by the complex multipliers 100 through 100n are separated and connected in the rear portion of the summing unit, and the channel-wise multiplication by the complex type orthogonal Harmard sequence is not implemented. Namely, the two group summed signal is multiplied by the complex type orthogonal Hadamard sequence.

The first orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 600 outputs

$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} \right)$ which is summed by the first adder 810 by summing α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ which is obtained by the first adder 810 by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,11) by the first data X₁₁ of the first block and the gain α₁₁, respectively, α₂₁W_(M,21)X₂₁ which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,21) by the second data X₂₁ of the first block and the gain α₂₁, respectively, and α_(n1)W_(M,n1)X_(n1) which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n1) by the n-th data X_(n1) of the first block and the gain α_(n1).

The second orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 700 outputs

$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{K}\;\left( {\alpha_{n\; 2}W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}} \right)$ which is summed by the second adder 820 by summing α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,12) by the first data X₁₂ of the second block and the gain α₁₂, respectively, α₂₂W_(M,22)X₂₂ which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,22) by the second data X₂₂ of the second block and the gain α₂₂, respectively, and α_(n2)W_(M,n2)X_(n2) which is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,n2) by the n-th data X_(n2) of the second block and the gain α_(n2). Here, the block represents one group split into 1 group.

The signal outputted from the first adder 810 forms an in-phase data, and the signal outputted from the second adder 820 forms an quadrature phase data and outputs

$\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}{\left( {{\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {\text{j}\;\alpha_{n\; 2}W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right).}$ In addition, the complex multiplier 900 multiplies the complex output signals from the first and second adders 810 and 820 by a complex type signal that is comprised of an orthogonal Harmard code W_(M,I) and PW_(M,Q) which results from the multiplication of the orthogonal Hardmard code W_(M,Q) by the sequence P and outputs an in-phase signal and a quadrature phase signal. Namely, the complex output signals from the first and second adders 810 and 820 are complex-multiplied by the complex type signals of W_(M,I)+jPW_(M,Q) by the complex multiplier.

The spreading unit 300 multiplies the output signal from the complex multiplier 900 by the spreading code SCI and spreads the same. The thusly spread signals are filtered by the pulse shaping filters 410 and 420. The modulation carrier waves of cos(2πf_(c)t) and sin(2πf_(c)t) are summed by the modulation multipliers 510 and 520 and then modulated for thereby outputting s(t).

Namely, the following equation is obtained.

$\left( {\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {{\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {\text{j}\;\alpha_{n\; 2}W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)} \right) \otimes \left( {W_{M,1} + {jPW}_{M,q}} \right) \otimes {{SCI}.}$ where K represents an integer greater than or equal to 1.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment that two channel data are complex-multiplied. A channel data X₁₁ is allocated to the first orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 600 and another channel data X₁₂ is allocated to the second orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 700.

Here, the orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier includes a first multiplier 610 for multiplying the first data X₁₁ by the gain α₁₁, a second multiplier 611 for multiplying the output signal from the first multiplier 610 by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,11), a third multiplier 710 for multiplying the second data X₁₂ by the gain α₁₂, and a fourth multiplier 711 for multiplying the output signal from the third multiplier 710 by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,12). At this time, since one channel is allocated to one group, the summing unit is not used.

The complex multiplier 900 includes fifth and sixth multipliers 901 and 902 for multiplying the output signal α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ from the second multiplier 611 and the output signal α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ from the fourth multiplier 711 by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,I), seventh and eighth multipliers 903 and 904 for multiplying the output signal α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ from the second multiplier 611 and the output signal α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ from the fourth multiplier 711 by the permutated orthogonal Hadamard sequence PW_(M,Q), a first adder 905 for summing the output signal (+ac) from the fifth multiplier 901 and the output signal (−bd) from the seventh multiplier 903 and outputting an in-phase information (ac−bd), and a second adder 906 for summing the output signal (bc) from the sixth multiplier 902 and the output signal (ad) from the eighth multiplier 904 and outputting an quadrature phase information (bc+ad).

Therefore, the first and second multipliers 610 and 611 multiply the data X₁₁ by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,11) and the gain α₁₁ for thereby obtaining α₁₁X_(M,11)X₁₁ (=a). In addition, the third and fourth multipliers 710 and 711 multiply the data X₁₂ by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,12) and the gain α₁₂ for thereby obtaining α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ (=b). The fifth and sixth multipliers 901 and 902 multiply α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ (=a) and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ (=b) by the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,I) (=c) for thereby obtaining α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁W_(M,I) (=ac) and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,I) (=bc).

The seventh and eighth multipliers 903 and 904 multiply α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ (=a) and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂ (=b) by the permutated orthogonal Hadamard sequence PW_(M,Q) for thereby obtaining α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁PW_(M,Q) (=ad) and α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂PW_(M,Q) (=bd).

In addition, the first adder 905 obtains (α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁W_(M,I))−(α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂PW_(M,Q)) (=ac−bd), namely, α₁₂W_(M,12)X_(12PWM,Q)(bd) is subtracted from α₁₁W_(M,11)W_(M,I) (=ac), and the second adder 906 obtains (α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁PW_(M,Q))+(α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,I)) (ad+bc), namely, (α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁PW_(M,Q)) (=ad) is summed by (α₁₂W_(M,12)X₁₂W_(M,I)) (bc).

FIG. 10 illustrates the complex multiplier 900 shown in FIG. 9. Assuming that α₁₁W_(M,11)X₁₁ is “a”, α₁₂W_(M12)X₁₂ is “b”, the orthogonal Hadamard sequence W_(M,I) is “c”, and the permutated orthogonal Hadamard sequence PW_(M,Q) is “d”, since (a+jb) (c+jd)=ac−bd+jc (bc+ad), the signal from the complex multiplier 900 becomes the in-phase information ac−bd and the quadrature phase information bc+ad.

The in-phase data and the quadrature phase data are spread by the spreading unit 300 based on the spreading code (for example, PN code). In addition, the I channel signal which is the in-phase information and the Q channel signal which is the quadrature phase information signal are filtered by the first and second pulse shaping filters 410 and 420. The first and second multipliers 510 and 520 multiply the output signals from the first and second pulse shaping filters 410 and 420 by cos(2πf_(c)t) and sin(2πf_(c)t). The output signals from the multipliers 510 and 520 are summed and modulated by the adder 530 which outputs S(t).

In the embodiment as shown in FIG. 9, identically to the embodiment as shown in FIG. 4, for the orthogonal Hadamard sequence, the Walsh code or other orthogonal code may be used. In addition, in the orthogonal Hadamard sequence of each channel, the sequence vector of the k-th column or row is set to W_(k−1) in the M×M Hadamard matrix. Therefore, α_(n1)W₀X_(n1)+jα_(n2)W_(2p)X_(n2) and W₀+jPW₁ are complex-multiplied based on W_(M,n1)=W₀, W_(M,n2)=W_(2p) (where p represents a predetermined number in a range from 0 to (M/2)−1.

The orthogonal Hadamard sequence is allocated to each channel based on the above-described operation, and if there remain other channels which are not allocated the orthogonal Hadamard sequence by the above-described operation, and if there remain other channel which are not allocated the orthogonal Hadamard sequence by the above-described operation, then any row or column vector from the Hamard matrix can be selected.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the POCQPSK for the voice service. In this case, two channels, namely, the pilot channel and the data of traffic channels are multiplied by the gain and orthogonal Hadamard sequence, and two channel signals are inputted into the complex multiplier 900 in the complex type, and the orthogonal Hadamard sequence of the complex type is multiplied by the complex multiplier 900.

FIG. 12 illustrates the construction of a data service having a good quality voice service and low transmission rate. In this case, the pilot channel and signaling channel are allocated to the first orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 700, and the traffic channel is allocated to the second orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 700.

FIG. 13A illustrates the construction for a data service of a high transmission rate. As shown therein, the data transmitted at a rate of R bps has the QPSK data type and are transmitted at R/2 bps through the serial to parallel converter. As shown in FIG. 13B, the system may be constituted so that the input data (traffic 1 and traffic 2) have the identical gains (α₃₁=α₁₂). Here, when the data having high transmission rate are separated into two channels, the gain allocated to each channel should be determined to the identical gain for thereby eliminating the phase dependency.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate the construction of the multichannel service. In this case, the data (traffic) having a high transmission rate is converted into the QPSK data for R/2 bps through the serial to parallel converter and then is distributed to the first orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 600 and the second Hadamard sequence multiplier 700, and three channels are allocated to the first orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 600 and two channels are allocated to the second orthogonal Hadamard sequence multiplier 700.

As shown in FIG. 14B, the serial to parallel converter is not used, and when the data (traffic) is separated into two channel data (Traffic 1) and (traffic 2) and then is inputted, the gain adapted to each channel adapts the identical gains (α31=α12).

FIG. 15A is a phase trajectory view of an OCQPSK according to the present invention, FIG. 15B is a phase trajectory view of a POCQPSK according to the present invention, and FIG. 15C is a phase trajectory view of a complex spreading method according to PN complex spreading method of the present invention.

As shown therein, when comparing the embodiments of FIGS. 15A, 15B and 15C, the shapes of the trajectories and the zero points are different. In a view of the power efficiency, there is also a difference. Therefore, the statistical distribution of the peak power-to-average power ratio is different.

FIG. 7 illustrates a characteristic illustrating a statistical distribution of a peak power-to-average power ratio of the CDMA ONE method compared to the OCQPSK method and the POSQPSK.

In order to provide the identical condition, the power level of the signal channel is controlled to be the same as the power level of the communication channel, and the power level of the pilot channel is controlled to be lower than the power level of the communication channel by 4 dB, and then the statistical distribution of the peak power-to-average power ratio is compared.

In the case of the POCQPSK according to the present invention, in the first block 600 of FIG. 9, W_(M,11)=W₀, and W_(M,21)=W₂ are implemented, and in the second block 700, W_(M,12)=W₄, and W_(M,I)=W₀ and W_(M,Q)=W₁ are implemented. For the value of P, the spreading code is used so that consecutive two sequences have the identical value.

For example, the probability that the instantaneous power exceeds the average power value (0 dB) by 4 dB is 0.1% based on POCQPSK, and the complex spreading method is 2%. Therefore, in view of the power efficiency, the method adapting the CDMA technique according to the present invention is a new modulation method having excellent characteristic.

As described above, in the OCQPSK according to the present invention, the first data and the second data are multiplied by the gain and orthogonal code, and the resultant values are complex-summed, and the complex summed value is complex-multiplied by the complex type orthogonal code. The method that the information of the multichannel of the identical structure is summed and then spread is used. Therefore, this method statistically reduces the peak power-to-average power ratio to the desired range.

In addition, in the POCQPSK according to the present invention, the data of the first block and the data of the second block are multiplied by the gain and the orthogonal code, respectively, and the permutated orthogonal spreading code of the complex type is complex-multiplied and then spread. Therefore, this method statistically reduces the peak power-to-average power ratio to the desired range, and it is possible to decrease the phase dependency based in the multichannel interference and the multiuser interference using the combined orthogonal Hadamard sequence.

Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, tat additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as recited in the accompanying claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An orthogonal complex spreading method for multiple channels, comprising the steps of: complex-summing W_(M,n1)X_(n1), which is obtained by multiplying an orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n1) by first data group X_(n1) of a n-th block, and W_(M,n2)X_(n2), which is obtained by multiplying an orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n2) by second data group X_(n2) of a n-th block, M and n being positive integers; complex-multiplying the complex summed form of W_(M,n1)X_(n1)+jW_(M,n2)X_(n2), by a complex form of W_(M,n3)+jW_(M,n4) and outputting (W_(M,n1)X_(n1)+jW_(M,n2)X_(n2))×(W_(M,n3)+jW_(M,n4)) as an output signal; and summing in-phase and quadrature phase parts of the output signal outputted from a plurality of blocks as $\left( {\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {\left( {{W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {j\; W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right) \times \left( {W_{M,{n\; 3}} + {jW}_{M,{n\; 4}}} \right)} \right)} \right),$  K is a predetermined integer greater than or equal to 1 to generate I channel and Q channel signal.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein a spreading code spreads the summed in-phase and quadrature-phase signals outputted from the summing step.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said orthogonal code sequence includes a Hadamard code sequence.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said orthogonal code sequence includes a Walsh code.
 5. The method of claim 2 wherein said spreading code is one spreading code.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein said spreading code sequence includes a PN code.
 7. The method of claim 5 wherein said spreading code includes a first spreading code for the in-phase signal and a second spreading code for the quadrature-phase signal.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the first and second spreading codes are PN codes.
 9. The method of claim 3 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₂, and W_(M,13)=W₀, W_(M,14)=W₁, when M=4.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein M=8 and W_(M,12)=W₄.
 11. The method of claim 3 wherein W_(M,n1)=W₀, W_(M,n2)=W_(2p), where p represents a predetermined number in a range from 0 to (M/2)−1, and W_(M,n3)=W_(2n−2), W_(M,n4)=W_(2n−1).
 12. The method of claim 3 wherein W_(M,21)=W₀, W_(M,22)=W₄, W_(M,23)=W₂, W_(M,24)=W₃ when M=8 in case of two channels.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein W_(M,12)=W₆, and W_(M,22)=W₆.
 14. An orthogonal complex spreading apparatus, comprising: a plurality of complex multiplication blocks, each for complex-multiplexing a complex signal W_(M,n1)X_(n1)+jW_(M,n2)X_(n2) by W_(M,n3)+jW_(M,n4) wherein W_(M,n1)X_(n1) is obtained by multiplying an orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n1) by first data group X_(n1) of n-th block and W_(M,n2)X_(n2) is obtained by multiplying orthogonal sequence W_(M,n2) by second data group X_(n2) of the n-th block, wherein M and n are positive integers and W_(M,n1), W_(M,n2), W_(M,n3) and W_(M,n4) are predetermined orthogonal sequences; and a summing unit for summing in-phase and quadrature phase parts of an output signal from each block of the plurality of the complex multiplication blocks as $\left( {\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {\left( {{\alpha_{n\; 1}W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {{j\alpha}_{n\; 2}\; W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right) \times \left( {W_{M,{n\; 3}} + {jW}_{M,{n\; 4}}} \right)} \right)} \right),$ K is a predetermined integer greater than or equal to
 1. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising a spreading unit for multiplying the summed in-phase and quadrature phase signals inputted from the summing unit by spreading code.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said spreading unit multiplies the in-phase and quadrature phase part by different spreading codes.
 17. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein each said complex multiplication block includes: a first multiplier for multiplying the first data group X_(n1) by the orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n1); a second multiplier for multiplying the second data group X_(n2) by the orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n2); third and fourth multipliers for multiplying the output signal W_(M,n1)X_(n1) from the first multiplier and the output signal W_(M,n2)X_(n2) from the second multiplier by orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n3); fifth and sixth multipliers for multiplying the output signal W_(M,n1)X_(n1) from the first multiplier and the output signal W_(M,n2)X_(n2) from the second multiplier by orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n4); a first adder for subtracting output signal from the sixth multiplier from output signal (ac) from the third multiplier and outputting an in-phase information; and a second adder for summing output signal from the fourth multiplier and output signal from the fifth multiplier and outputting quadrature phase information.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said orthogonal code sequence includes a Hadamard code sequence.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said orthogonal code sequence includes a Walsh code.
 20. A permuted orthogonal complex spreading method for multiple channels allocating at least two input channels to first and second groups, comprising the steps of: multiplying a predetermined orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n1) by first data group X_(n1); multiplying orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n2) by second data group X_(n2); summing output signals W_(M,n1)X_(n1) and W_(M,n2)X_(n2) in the complex form of ${\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {{W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {\text{j}\; W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)};$  and complex-multiplying the received output signal $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}{\left( {{W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {j\; W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)\mspace{14mu}{by}\mspace{14mu}\left( {W_{M,1} + {jPW}_{M,Q}} \right)}$  wherein P is a predetermined sequence, and W_(M,I) and W_(M,Q) are orthogonal code sequences.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the spreading code is a PN code.
 22. The method of claim 20 wherein P represents said predetermined sequence or predetermined spreading code or predetermined integer configured so that two consecutive sequences have identical values.
 23. The method of claim 20 wherein said orthogonal code sequence includes a Hadamard code sequence.
 24. The method of claim 20 wherein said orthogonal code sequence includes a Walsh code.
 25. The method of claim 23 wherein W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W_(2q+1) (where q represents a predetermined number in a range from 0 to (M/2)−1).
 26. The method of claim 23 further comprising the steps of: multiplying the first data group X_(n1) by gain α_(n1); and multiplying the second data group X_(n2) by gain α_(n2).
 27. The method of claim 23 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₂, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁, when M=4.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein M=8 and W_(M,12)=W₄.
 29. The method of claim 23 wherein W_(M,n1)=W₀, W_(M,n2)=W_(2q+1), wherein q represents a predetermined number in a range from 0 to (M/2)−1 and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁.
 30. The method of claim 20 wherein each group has at least two channels and the receiving step includes the steps of: summing output signals W_(M,n1)X_(n1) from a first sequence multiplier; and summing output signals W_(M,n2)X_(n2) from a second sequence multiplier.
 31. A permuted orthogonal complex spreading apparatus for multiple channels, allocating at least two input channels to first and second groups, comprising: a first multiplier block having at least one channel contained in a first group of channels, each for outputting W_(M,n1)X_(n1) which is obtained by multiplying first data group X_(n1) by orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n1), M and n are positive integers; a second multiplier block having a number of channels having at least one channel contained in a second group of channels, each for outputting W_(M,n2)X_(n2) which is obtained by multiplying a first data group X_(n2) by orthogonal code sequence W_(M,n2); a complex multiplier for receiving the output signals from the first and the second multiplier blocks in a complex form of $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {{W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {\text{j}\; W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)$  and complex-multiplying received output signal by W_(M,I)+jPW_(M,Q), wherein W_(M,I) and W_(M,Q) are predetermined orthogonal code sequence permuted and P is a predetermined sequence.
 32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said orthogonal code sequence includes a Hadamard code sequence.
 33. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein said orthogonal code sequence includes a Walsh code.
 34. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₄, W_(M,21)=W₂, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁, when M=8 in case of three input channels.
 35. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₂, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁ in case of three input channels.
 36. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₄, W_(M,21)=W₂, W_(M,31)=W₆, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁ in case of four input channels.
 37. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₄, W_(M,31)=W₂, W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁ and W_(M,21)=W₈ in case of four input channels.
 38. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₄, W_(M,21)=W₂, W_(M,31)=W₆, W_(M,22)=W₁, and W_(M,I)W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁ in case of five input channels.
 39. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein W_(M,n1)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₄, W_(M,21)=W₂, W_(M,31)=W₆, W_(M,22)=W₃, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁ in case of five channels.
 40. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W₄, W_(M,31)W₂, W_(M,22)=W₆, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁ and W_(M,21)=W₈ in case of five input channels.
 41. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein W₀X₁₁+jW₄X₁₂, W₂X₂₁ and W₆X₃₁ are replaced by α₁₁W₀X₁₁+jα₁₂W₄X₁₂, α₂₁W₂X₂₁ and α₃₁W₆X₃₁, and a gain α_(n1) and a gain α_(n2) are the identical gain in order to remove the phase dependency by an interference occurring in a multipath of a self signal and an interference occurring by other users.
 42. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein W_(M,n1)=W₀, W_(M,n2)=W₂, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁.
 43. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein the first multiplier block comprises at least a third multiplier for multiplying the first data group X_(n1) by gain α_(n1), and the second multiplier block comprises at least a fourth multiplier the second data group X_(n2) by gain α_(n2).
 44. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W_(4/1), and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W_(1/4), when M=8 in case of two input channels.
 45. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W_(4/1), W_(M,21)=W₂, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W_(1/4), when M=8 in case of three input channels.
 46. The method of claim 32 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W_(2/1), and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W_(1/2), when M=8 in case of two input channels.
 47. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein W_(M,11)=W₀, W_(M,12)=W_(2/1), W_(M,21)=W₄, and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W_(1/2), when M=8 in case of three input channels.
 48. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein each group has at least the two input channels, further comprising: a first adder for outputting $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} \right)$  by summing output signals from the first multiplier block; and a second adder for outputting $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}} \right)$  by summing output signals from the second multiplier block.
 49. The apparatus of claim 31 further comprising: a spreading unit for multiplying the signal $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {{W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {\text{j}\; W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)$  received by the complex multiplier by a spreading code.
 50. The apparatus of claim 49 wherein the spreading unit respectively multiplies the in-phase and quadrature-phase parts by different spreading codes.
 51. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein W_(M,n1), W_(M,n2), W_(M,I), and W_(M,Q) are orthogonal Hadamard sequences.
 52. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein the complex multiplier includes: fifth and sixth multipliers for multiplying said output signal from the first multiplier block and said output signal from the second sequence multiplier by orthogonal sequence W_(M,I); seventh and eighth multipliers for multiplying said output signal from the first multiplier block and output signal α_(n2)W_(M,n2)X_(n2) from the second multiplier block by orthogonal sequence W_(M,Q); a third adder for subtracting output signal from the eighth multiplier from output signal from the fifth multiplier to output an in-phase information; and a second adder for summing output signal from the sixth multiplier and output signal from the seventh multiplier to output quadrature-phase information.
 53. A permuted orthogonal complex spreading apparatus for multiple channels, allocating at least two input channels into first and second groups, comprising: first and second multiplier blocks for respectively multiplying first and second data group X_(n1), and X_(n2) with a set of predetermined orthogonal sequences W_(M,n1), and W_(M,n2) to output W_(M,n1)X_(n1) and W_(M,n2)X_(n2); a complex multiplier for receiving the output signals W_(M,n1)X_(n1) and W_(M,n2)X_(n2) from the first and the second multiplier blocks in the complex form of $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {{W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {\text{j}\; W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)$  and multiplying a received signal $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {{W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} + {\text{j}\; W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}}} \right)$  by a predetermined sequence (W_(M,I)+jPW_(M,Q))×SC, wherein W_(M,I), W_(M,Q) are predetermined orthogonal sequences, P is a predetermined sequence and SC is a spreading sequence.
 54. The apparatus of claim 53 wherein each group has at least two input channels, further comprising: a first adder for outputting $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {W_{M,{n\; 1}}X_{n\; 1}} \right)$  by summing output signals from the first sequence multiplier; and a second adder for outputting $\underset{n = 1}{\sum\limits^{K}}\left( {W_{M,{n\; 2}}X_{n\; 2}} \right)$  by summing output signals from the second sequence multiplier.
 55. The apparatus of claim 53 wherein the first sequence multiplier comprises at least one first gain multiplier for multiplying the data X_(n1), of each channel of the first group by gain α_(n1), and the second sequence multiplier comprises at least one second gain multiplier for multiplying the data X_(n2) of each channel of the second group by gain α_(n2).
 56. The apparatus of claim 53 wherein W_(M,n1)=W₀, W_(M,n2)W_(2p), and W_(M,I)=W₀, W_(M,Q)=W₁, where p represents a predetermined integer in a range from 0 to (M/2)−1.
 57. The apparatus of claim 53 wherein W_(M,n1), W_(M,n2), W_(M,I), and W_(M,Q) are orthogonal Hadamard sequences.
 58. A spreading method for a mobile communication device, the mobile communication device being capable of supporting a plurality of channels, the method comprising: generating a first signal, a, based on at least one of the inputs to one of the plurality of channels, a first code, and a first gain; generating a second signal, b, based on at least another of the inputs to another of the plurality of channels, a second code, and a second gain; nonrandomly generating modulated data at least based on values representing e·a-e·b·d and e·b+e·a·d, wherein d is a third signal based on at least a first sequence of elements, wherein the elements in the first sequence of elements nonrandomly alternate between a first value and a second value, the first value being different from the second value, wherein e is a second sequence of elements, wherein some of the elements in the second sequence have the first value and the other elements in the second sequence have the second value.
 59. The method of claim 58 wherein the first sequence of elements is W₁.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the one of the inputs, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the another of the inputs, the second code, and the second gain.
 61. The method of claim 59, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 62. The method of claim 59, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for the (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of the (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 64. The method of claim 59, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 66. The method of claim 58, wherein the second sequence is a first PN code.
 67. The method of claim 66, wherein the first sequence of elements is W₁.
 68. The method of claim 58 or claim 66, wherein the first code is orthogonal to the second code.
 69. The method of claim 58 or claim 66, wherein the first code and the second code are even-numbered Walsh codes.
 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the one of the inputs, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the another of the inputs, the second code, and the second gain.
 71. The method of claim 69, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 72. The method of claim 66, wherein the third signal is further based on a third sequence of elements and the first code is orthogonal to the second code.
 73. The method of claim 94 or claim 72, wherein the third sequence of elements is generated based on a second PN code.
 74. The method of claim 94 or claim 72, wherein the third sequence of elements is generated based on a spreading sequence.
 75. The method of claim 94 or claim 72, wherein one or more of the elements in the third sequence of elements have the first value and the remaining elements in the third sequence of elements have the second value, wherein for the (2N−1)th element in the third sequence of elements, the value of the (2N−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2N)th element in the third sequence of elements, where N is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 76. The method of claim 94 or claim 72, wherein the third signal is a multiplication of the first sequence of elements and the third sequence of elements.
 77. The method of claim 94 or claim 72, wherein the third sequence of elements consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having the first value or two elements both having the second value.
 78. The method of claim 94 or claim 72, wherein the third signal is a multiplication of the first sequence of elements and the third sequence of elements and wherein the third sequence of elements consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having the first value or two elements both having the second value.
 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the one of the inputs, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the another of the inputs, the second code, and the second gain.
 80. The method of claim 79, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for the (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of the (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 83. The method of claim 80, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 85. The method of claim 79, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for the (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of the (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 87. The method of claim 79, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 88. The method of claim 87, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 89. The method of claim 78, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 90. The method of claim 78, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for the (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of the (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 91. The method of claim 90, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 92. The method of claim 78, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 93. The method of claim 92, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 94. The method of claim 58, wherein the third signal is further based on a third sequence of elements.
 95. The method of claim 94, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the one of the inputs, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the another of the inputs, the second code, and the second gain.
 96. The method of claim 58, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the one of the inputs, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the another of the inputs, the second code, and the second gain.
 97. The method of claim 96, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 98. The method of claim 58, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 99. The method of claim 58, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for the (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of the (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 100. The method of claim 99, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 101. The method of claim 58, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 102. The method of claim 101, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 103. The method of claim 58, wherein the second sequence of elements is a spreading sequence.
 104. A mobile communications device, comprising: a first signal generator configured to generate a first signal, a, based on at least a first input, a first code, and a first gain; a second signal generator configured to generate a second signal, b, based on at least a second input, a second code, and a second gain, wherein the first code is orthogonal to the second code; and an output generator configured to nonrandomly generate modulated data at least based on values representing e·a-e·b·d and e·b+e·a·d, wherein d is a third signal based on at least a first sequence of elements, wherein the elements in the first sequence of elements nonrandomly alternate between a first value and a second value, the first value being different from the second value, wherein e is a second sequence of elements, wherein some of the elements in the second sequence have the first value and the other elements in the second sequence have the second value.
 105. The apparatus of claim 104, wherein the first sequence of elements is W₁.
 106. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 107. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for the (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of the (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 108. The apparatus of claim 107, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 109. The apparatus of claim 105, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 110. The apparatus of claim 109, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 111. The apparatus of claim 104, wherein the second sequence of elements is a first PN code.
 112. The apparatus of claim 111, wherein the first sequence of elements is W₁.
 113. The apparatus of claim 104 or claim 111, wherein the first code and the second code include Walsh codes.
 114. The apparatus of claim 104 or claim 111, wherein the first code and the second code are even-numbered Walsh codes.
 115. The apparatus of claim 114, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 116. The apparatus of claim 111, wherein the third signal is further based on a third sequence of elements.
 117. The apparatus of claim 132 or claim 116, wherein the third sequence of elements is generated based on a second PN code.
 118. The apparatus of claim 132 or claim 116, wherein the third sequence of elements is generated based on a spreading sequence.
 119. The apparatus of claim 132 or claim 116, wherein one or more of the elements in the third sequence of elements have the first value and the remaining elements in the third sequence of elements have the second value, wherein for the (2N−1)th element in the third sequence of elements, the value of the (2N−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2N)th element in the third sequence of elements, where N is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 120. The apparatus of claim 132 or claim 116, wherein the third signal is a multiplication of the first sequence of elements and the third sequence of elements.
 121. The apparatus of claim 132 or claim 116, wherein the third sequence of elements consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having the first value or two elements both having the second value.
 122. The apparatus of claim 132 or claim 116, wherein the third signal is a multiplication of the first sequence of elements and the third sequence of elements and wherein the third sequence consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having the first value or two elements both having the second value.
 123. The apparatus of claim 122, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 124. The apparatus of claim 123, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for the (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of the (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 125. The apparatus of claim 124, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 126. The apparatus of claim 123, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 127. The apparatus of claim 126, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 128. The apparatus of claim 122, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for the (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of the (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 129. The apparatus of claim 128, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 130. The apparatus of claim 122, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 131. The apparatus of claim 130, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 132. The apparatus of claim 104, wherein the third signal is further based on a third sequence of elements.
 133. The apparatus of claim 132, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 134. The apparatus of claim 104, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 135. The apparatus of claim 104, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for each (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of a (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 136. The apparatus of claim 135, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for the (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of the (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 137. The apparatus of claim 104, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 138. The apparatus of claim 137, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 139. The apparatus of claim 104, wherein the second sequence of elements is a spreading sequence.
 140. A spreading method for a mobile communication device, the mobile communication device being capable of supporting one or more first input channels and one or more second input channels, the method comprising: generating a first output, a, based on at least one or more first inputs to the one or more first input channels, one or more first codes, and one or more first gains; generating a second output, b, based on at least one or more second inputs to the one or more second input channels, one or more second codes, and one or more second gains, wherein each of the one or more first codes is orthogonal to each of the one or more second codes; nonrandomly generating modulated data at least based on values representing (a+jb)·(1+jP·W)·e, wherein e is a first sequence of elements, wherein some of the elements in the first sequence have a first value and the other elements in the first sequence have a second value, the first value being different from the second value, wherein W is a second sequence of elements and wherein P is a third sequence of elements.
 141. The method of claim 140, wherein the second sequence is W₁.
 142. The method of claim 140, claim 141, claim 170 or claim 174, wherein the third sequence of elements consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having the first value or two elements both having the second value.
 143. The method of claim 142, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 144. The method of claim 143, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 145. The method of claim 142, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 146. The method of claim 140, claim 141, claim 170 or claim 174, wherein P is generated based on a PN code.
 147. The method of claim 140, claim 141, claim 170 or claim 174, wherein e is a spreading sequence.
 148. The method of claim 140, claim 141, claim 170 or claim 174, wherein e is a PN code.
 149. The method of claim 141, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 150. The method of claim 149, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 151. The method of claim 150, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 152. The method of claim 151, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 153. The method of claim 150, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 154. The method of claim 153, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 155. The method of claim 149, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 156. The method of claim 155, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 157. The method of claim 149, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 158. The method of claim 157, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 159. The method of claim 141, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 160. The method of claim 159, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 161. The method of claim 160, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 162. The method of claim 159, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 163. The method of claim 162, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 164. The apparatus of claim 163 or claim 180, wherein the first code and the second code are even-numbered Walsh codes.
 165. The apparatus of claim 164, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 166. The method of claim 141, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)thelement is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 167. The method of claim 166, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 168. The method of claim 141, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 169. The method of claim 168, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 170. The method of claim 140, wherein the one or more first codes and the one or more second codes are even-numbered Walsh codes.
 171. The method of claim 170, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 172. The method of claim 171, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 173. The method of claim 170, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 174. The method of claim 140, wherein the (2N−1)th element in the second sequence of elements has the first value and the (2N)th element in the second sequence of elements has the second value, wherein N is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 175. The method of claim 140, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 176. The method of claim 175, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 177. The method of claim 176, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 178. The method of claim 177, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 179. The method of claim 176, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 180. The method of claim 179, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 181. The method of claim 175, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 182. The method of claim 181, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 183. The method of claim 175, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 184. The method of claim 183, wherein the second output consists of a sequence ofpairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 185. The method of claim 140, further comprising transmitting the modulated data through an antenna.
 186. The method of claim 185, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 187. The method of claim 186, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 188. The method of claim 185, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 189. The method of claim 188, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 190. The method of claim 140, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements, wherein for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 191. The method of claim 190, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements, for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value, and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 192. The method of claim 140, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 193. The method of claim 192, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 194. A mobile communications device, comprising: a first output generator configured to generate a first output, a, based on at least one or more first inputs, one or more first codes, and one or more first gains; a second output generator configured to generate a second output, b, based on at least one or more second inputs, one or more second codes, and one or more second gains, wherein each of the one or more first codes is orthogonal to each of the one or more second codes; and an output generator configured to nonrandomly generate modulated data at least based on values representing (a+jb)·(1+jP·W)·e, wherein e is a first sequence of elements, wherein some of the elements in the first sequence have a first value and the other elements in the first sequence have a second value, the first value being different from the second value, wherein W is a second sequence of elements and wherein P is a third sequence of elements.
 195. The apparatus of claim 194, wherein the second sequence of elements is W₁.
 196. The apparatus of claim 194, claim 195, claim 209, or claim 211, wherein the third sequence of elements consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having the first value or two elements both having the second value.
 197. The apparatus of claims 194, claim 195, claim 209, or claim 211, wherein P is generated based on a PN code.
 198. The apparatus of claim 194, claim 195, claim 209, or claim 211, wherein e is a spreading sequence.
 199. The apparatus of claim 194, claim 195, claim 209, or claim 211, wherein e is a PN code.
 200. The apparatus of claim 195, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 201. The apparatus of claim 200, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 202. The apparatus of claim 201, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 203. The apparatus of claim 200, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 204. The apparatus of claim 203, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 205. The apparatus of claim 195, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 206. The apparatus of claim 205, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 207. The apparatus of claim 195, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 208. The apparatus of claim 207, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 209. The apparatus of claim 194, wherein the one or more first codes and the one or more second codes are even-numbered Walsh codes.
 210. The apparatus of claim 209, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 211. The apparatus of claim 194, wherein the (2N−1)th element in the second sequence of elements has the first value and the (2N)th element in the second sequence of elements has the second value, wherein N is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 212. The apparatus of claim 211, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 213. The apparatus of claim 211, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 214. The apparatus of claim 213, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 215. The apparatus of claim 211, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 216. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 217. The apparatus of claim 194, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 218. The apparatus of claim 217, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 219. The apparatus of claim 218, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 220. The apparatus of claim 217, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 221. The apparatus of claim 220, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 222. The apparatus of claim 194, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 223. The apparatus of claim 222, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 224. The apparatus of claim 194, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 225. The apparatus of claim 224, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 226. A spreading method for a mobile communication device, the mobile communication device being capable of spreading one or more first inputs and one or more second inputs to a plurality of channels, the method comprising: generating a first output, a, based on at least the one or more first inputs, one or more first codes, and one or more first gains; generating a second output, b, based on at least the one or more second inputs, one or more second codes, and one or more second gains, wherein each of the one or more first codes is orthogonal to each of the one or more second codes; receiving a first sequence of elements, W; receiving a second sequence of elements, P; and nonrandomly outputting (a+jb)·(1+jP·W).
 227. The method of claim 226, wherein the first sequence of elements is W₁.
 228. The method of claim 226, claim 227, or claim 252, wherein the second sequence of elements consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having a first value or two elements both having a second value and wherein the first value is different from the second value.
 229. The method of claim 228, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 230. The method of claim 229, further comprising: generating a modulated signal using the outputted (a+jb)·(1+jP·W); and transmitting the modulated signal through an antenna.
 231. The method of claim 230, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 232. The method of claim 231, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 233. The method of claim 230, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 234. The method of claim 233, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 235. The method of claim 228, further comprising: generating a modulated signal using the outputted (a+jb)·(1+jP·W); and transmitting the modulated signal through an antenna.
 236. The method of claim 226, claim 227, claim 252 or claim 256, wherein P is generated based on a PN code.
 237. The method of claim 238, further comprising: generating a modulated signal using the outputted (a+jb)·(1+jP·W); and transmitting the modulated signal through an antenna.
 238. The method of claim 227, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 239. The method of claim 238, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 240. The method of claim 239, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 241. The method of claim 238, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 242. The method of claim 241, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 243. The method of claim 227, further comprising: generating a modulated signal using the outputted (a+jb)·(1+jP·W); and transmitting the modulated signal through an antenna.
 244. The method of claim 243, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 245. The method of claim 244, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 246. The method of claim 243, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 247. The method of claim 246, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 248. The method of claim 227, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 249. The method of claim 248, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 250. The method of claim 227, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 251. The method of claim 250, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 252. The method of claim 226, wherein the one or more first codes and the one or more second codes are even-numbered Walsh codes.
 253. The method of claim 252, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 254. The method of claim 253, further comprising: generating a modulated signal using the outputted (a+jb)·(1+jP·W); and transmitting the modulated signal through an antenna.
 255. The method of claim 252, further comprising: generating a modulated signal using the outputted (a+jb)·(1+jP·W); and transmitting the modulated signal through an antenna.
 256. The method of claim 226, wherein the (2N-1)th element in the first sequence of elements has a first value and the (2N)th element in the first sequence of elements has a second value, wherein the first value is different from the second value and wherein N is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 257. The method of claim 226, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 258. The method of claim 257, further comprising: generating a modulated signal using the outputted (a+jb)·(1+jP·W); and transmitting the modulated signal through an antenna.
 259. The method of claim 258, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 260. The method of claim 259, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 261. The method of claim 258, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 262. The method of claim 261, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 263. The method of claim 257, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 264. The method of claim 263, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 265. The method of claim 257, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 266. The method of claim 265, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 267. The method of claim 226, further comprising: generating a modulated signal using the outputted (a+jb)·(1+jP·W); and transmitting the modulated signal through an antenna.
 268. The method of claim 267, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 269. The method of claim 268, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 270. The method of claim 267, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 271. The method of claim 270, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 272. The method of claim 226, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 273. The method of claim 272, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 274. The method of claim 226, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 275. The method of claim 274, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 276. A spreading apparatus, comprising: a first output generator configured to generate a first output, a, based on at least one or more first inputs, one or more first codes, and one or more first gains; a second output generator configured to generate a second output, b, based on at least one or more second inputs, one or more second codes, and one or more second gains, wherein each one of the one or more first codes are orthogonal to each one of the one or more second codes; a first sequence receiving unit configured to receive a first sequence of elements, W; a second sequence receiving unit configured to receive a second sequence of elements, P; and an output unit configured to nonrandomly output (a+jb)·(1+jP·W).
 277. The apparatus of claim 276, wherein the first sequence of elements is W₁.
 278. The apparatus of claim 276, claim 277, or claim 290, wherein the second sequence consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having a first value or two elements both having a second value and wherein the first value is different from the second value.
 279. The apparatus of claim 278, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 280. The apparatus of claim 279, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 281. The apparatus of claim 280, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 282. The apparatus of claim 279, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 283. The apparatus of claim 282, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 284. The apparatus of claim 276, claim 277, claim 290 or claim 292, wherein P is generated based on a PN code.
 285. The apparatus of claim 277, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 286. The apparatus of claim 277, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 287. The apparatus of claim 286, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 288. The apparatus of claim 277, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 289. The apparatus of claim 288, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 290. The apparatus of claim 276, wherein the one or more first codes and the one or more second codes are even-numbered Walsh codes.
 291. The apparatus of claim 290, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 292. The apparatus of claim 276, wherein the (2N−1)th element in the first sequence of elements has a first value and the (2N)th element in the first sequence of elements has a second value, wherein the first value is different from the second value and wherein N is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 293. The apparatus of claim 292, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 294. The apparatus of claim 293, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 295. The apparatus of claim 292, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 296. The apparatus of claim 295, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 297. The apparatus of claim 276, wherein: the first output is generated based on summing one or more first multiplications, each first multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more first inputs, one of the one or more first codes, and one of the one or more first gains; and the second output is generated based on summing one or more second multiplications, each second multiplication generated by multiplying one of the one or more second inputs, one of the one or more second codes, and one of the one or more second gains.
 298. The apparatus of claim 297, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 299. The apparatus of claim 298, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 300. The apparatus of claim 297, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 301. The apparatus of claim 300, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 302. The apparatus of claim 276, wherein: each of the one or more first codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more first codes, one or more of the elements in the respective first code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2M−1)th element of each of the one or more first codes, the value of the (2M−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2M)th element, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 303. The apparatus of claim 302, wherein: each of the one or more second codes consists of elements; for each of the one or more second codes, one or more of the elements in the respective second code have the first value and the remaining elements have the second value; and for the (2K−1)th element of each of the one or more second codes, the value of the (2K−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2K)th element, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 304. The apparatus of claim 276, wherein the first output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 305. The apparatus of claim 304, wherein the second output consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 306. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising: means for generating a first signal, a, based on at least a first input, a first code, and a first gain; means for generating a second signal, b, based on at least a second input, a second code, and a second gain; and means for nonrandomly generating modulated data at least based on values representing e·a-e·b·d and e·b+e·a·d, wherein d is a third signal based on at least a first sequence of elements, wherein the elements in the first sequence of elements nonrandomly alternate between a first value and a second value, the first value being different from the second value, wherein e is a second sequence of elements, wherein some of the elements in the second sequence have the first value and the other elements in the second sequence have the second value.
 307. The apparatus of claim 306, wherein the first sequence of elements is W₁.
 308. The apparatus of claim 307, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 309. The apparatus of claim 307, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for each (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of a (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 310. The apparatus of claim 309, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for each (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of a (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 311. The apparatus of claim 307, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 312. The apparatus of claim 311, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 313. The apparatus of claim 306, wherein the second sequence is a first PN code.
 314. The apparatus of claim 313, wherein the first sequence of elements is W₁.
 315. The apparatus of claim 306 or claim 313, wherein the first code and the second code include Walsh codes.
 316. The apparatus of claim 313, wherein the third signal is further based on a third sequence and the first code is orthogonal to the second code.
 317. The apparatus of claim 332 or claim 316, wherein the third sequence is generated based on a second PN code.
 318. The apparatus of claim 332 or claim 316, wherein the third sequence is generated based on a spreading sequence.
 319. The apparatus of claim 332 or claim 316, wherein the third sequence consists of elements, one or more of the elements having the first value and the remaining elements having the second value, wherein for the (2N−1)th element in the third sequence, the value of the (2N−1)th element is the same as the value of the (2N)th element, where N is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 320. The apparatus of claim 332 or claim 316, wherein the third signal is a multiplication of the first sequence and the third sequence.
 321. The apparatus of claim 332 or claim 316, wherein the third sequence consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having the first value or two elements both having the second value.
 322. The apparatus of claim 332 or claim 316, wherein the third signal is a multiplication of the first sequence and the third sequence and wherein the third sequence consists of a sequence of groups, wherein each of the groups consists of either two elements both having the first value or two elements both having the second value.
 323. The apparatus of claim 322, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 324. The apparatus of claim 323, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for each (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of a (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 325. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for each (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of a (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 326. The apparatus of claim 323, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 327. The apparatus of claim 326, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 328. The apparatus of claim 322, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for each (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of a (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 329. The apparatus of claim 328, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for each (2K−1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of a (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 330. The apparatus of claim 322, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 331. The apparatus of claim 330, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 332. The apparatus of claim 306, wherein the third signal is further based on a third sequence and the first code is orthogonal to the second code.
 333. The apparatus of claim 332, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 334. The apparatus of claim 306, wherein the first signal is generated based on at least a fourth signal generated by multiplying the first input, the first code, and the first gain, and the second signal is generated based on at least a fifth signal generated by multiplying the second input, the second code, and the second gain.
 335. The apparatus of claim 306, wherein the first code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the first code having the first value and the remaining elements of the first code having the second value, wherein for each (2M−1)th element of the first code, the value of the (2M−1)th element of the first code is the same as the value of a (2M)th element of the first code, where M is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 336. The apparatus of claim 335, wherein the second code consists of elements, one or more of the elements of the second code having the first value and the remaining elements of the second code having the second value, wherein for each (2K·1)th element of the second code, the value of the (2K−1)th element of the second code is the same as the value of a (2K)th element of the second code, where K is a series of sequential positive integers beginning at
 1. 337. The apparatus of claim 306, wherein the first signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 338. The apparatus of claim 337, wherein the second signal consists of a sequence of pairs of elements, wherein each pair of elements consists of two elements both having a same value.
 339. The apparatus of claim 306, wherein the second sequence of elements is a spreading sequence. 